
         GT01MNCOADS: Monthly time series of surface marine observations
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 6.17.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
AIRT     AIR TEMPERATURE                  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
SPEH     SPECIFIC HUMIDITY                1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
WSPD     WIND SPEED                       1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
SLP      SEA LEVEL PRESSURE               1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
NSST     NUMBER OF SST OBS                1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
NAIR     NUMBER OF AIRT OBS               1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
NSPE     NUMBER OF SPEH OBS               1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
NWSP     NUMBER OF WSPD OBS               1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552
NSLP     NUMBER OF SLP OBS                1:180     1:90      1:1       1:552

Grid: 2x2 degree, global, monthly average time series from 1946 through 1991.
Authors: S.D.Woodruff, R.J.Slutz, R.L.Jenne, P.M.Steurer and others

     This data set is a subset of the available COADS MSTG (Comprehensive
Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, Monthly Summary Trimmed Groups) data, and spans 44
years; the data set is large, 396 megabytes.  The following description is
excerpted from reference 1 below.

     Since 1854, ships of many countries have been taking regular observations
of local weather, sea surface temperature, and many other characteristics near
the boundary between the ocean and the atmosphere.  The observations by one
such ship-of-opportunity at one time and place, usually incident to its
voyage, make up a marine report.  In later years fixed research vessels,
buoys, and other devices have contributed data.  Marine reports have been
collected, often in machine-readable form, by various agencies and countries.
That vast collection of data, spanning the global oceans from the mid-
eighteenth century to date, is the historical ocean atmosphere record.
     Median-smoothed limits were used as criteria for statistical rejection of
apparent outliers from the data used for separate sets of "trimmed" monthly
and decadal summaries.
     Any conclusion drawn from the historical record should be qualified by
the fact that the observation, reporting, collection, and digitization of
these data have been subject to a great deal of methodological change.
Besides introducing more or less unknown inhomogeneities into many variables,
these changes have sometimes been processed incorrectly.  The resulting
errors, as well as simple recording or transmission errors, occur very
frequently.  Thus it must be remembered that while millions of errors have
been identified and eliminated from the trimmed summaries, the resulting data
are still far from clean.  In addition, the distribution of data is highly
variable in both time and space.  

References:

Slutz, R.J., et al., Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set; Release 1.
       NOAA/ERL Climate Research Program, Boulder, CO, 268 pp. (NTIS PB86-
       105723), 1985.

Woodruff, S.D., et al., A Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set, Bull. Amer.
       Meteor. Soc., 68, 1239-1248, 1987.



        GT01MNCOADS_X: Individual variables of 1946-89 COADS time series
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91

     The GT01MNCOADS data set reports 12 variables and is large, about 400
megabytes.  The 12 data sets documented here report one variable apiece and
are consequently 1/12th as big.  This may prove more convenient for some
purposes.  These data sets and the variables reported are:

     data set name         variable      title                            
     GT01MNCOADS_SST       SST           SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          
     GT01MNCOADS_AIRT      AIRT          AIR TEMPERATURE                  
     GT01MNCOADS_SPEH      SPEH          SPECIFIC HUMIDITY                    
     GT01MNCOADS_WSPD      WSPD          WIND SPEED                       
     GT01MNCOADS_UWND      UWND          ZONAL WIND                       
     GT01MNCOADS_VWND      VWND          MERIDIONAL WIND                  
     GT01MNCOADS_SLP       SLP           SEA LEVEL PRESSURE               
     GT01MNCOADS_NSST      NSST          NUMBER OF SST OBS                
     GT01MNCOADS_NAIR      NAIR          NUMBER OF AIRT OBS               
     GT01MNCOADS_NSPE      NSPE          NUMBER OF SPEH OBS               
     GT01MNCOADS_NWSP      NWSP          NUMBER OF WSPD OBS               
     GT01MNCOADS_NSLP      NSLP          NUMBER OF SLP OBS                


                GT01MNFSU: FSU tropical Pacific pseudo-windstress
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
PTX      ZONAL PSEUDO STRESS              1:84      1:30      1:1       1:372
PTY      MERIDIONAL PSEUDO STRESS         1:84      1:30      1:1       1:372
 
Grid: 2x2 degree from 124E to 70W, 30S to 30N, monthly time series from 1961
through 1991.
Authors: J.J. O'Brien and D.M. Legler

     Developed by the Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction Group at FSU, the data are
monthly average Pacific ocean pseudo-stress zonal and meridional components,
from ship reports, on a 2x2 degree grid from January 1961 through December
1991.  


           GT01MNNAV: Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) winds
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:144     1:73      1:1       1:108
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:144     1:73      1:1       1:108

Grid: 2.5x2.5, global, monthly average time series from 1982-1990
Author: FNOC

     These data are zonal and meridional surface wind components on a 2.5x2.5
degree global grid, generated by the FNOC's objective analysis from available
reports, every six hours.  Winds are available here from January 1982 through
December 1990.  To supplement the six-hourly data set, three day, ten day, and
monthly average data sets have been put together by TMAP.  This data set
reports monthly averages.
 


             GT01MNNMC: NMC blended sea surface temperature analysis
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 1.13.93

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:180     1:91      1:1       1:132
FLAG     CODED DATA SOURCE FLAG           1:180     1:91      1:1       1:132
 
Grid: 2x2, global, monthly time series from January 1982 through December 1992
Authors: R.W. Reynolds and W.H. Gemmill of the National Meteorology Center

     Monthly average SST values on a 2x2 global grid are generated from both 
surface marine (ship and buoy) and AVHRR satellite observations. The
satellite data are used to fill voids in the in situ field by a method
matching the curvature of the satellite field to the in situ values at the
edge of a void to construct a patch. 

     The following is from the conclusion of the reference below.  The article
presents a detailed review of the methods used to create this analysis.

     Details have been presented of an SST analysis which blends both in situ
and satellite data.  The method uses preliminary in situ and satellite
analyses as input fields.  The in situ analysis is used as ground truth to 
provide "benchmark" temperatures in regions of frequent in situ observations;
the satellite analysis is used to define the shape of the final field between
the benchmarks.  Examples have been presented which suggest that the blended
technique is an effective way to utilize the improved satellite coverage
while eliminating much of the bias between in situ and satellite data.

     Comparisons using drifting buoy data showed that the modulus of the 
buoy-to-blend monthly biases was less than 0.1 degree C while the average rms
buoy-to-blend error was less than 0.8 degree C.

	The FLAG variable gives information about each analyzed SST value as 
follows:

      FLAG = 1:  The blended value is anchored by the in situ analysis; 
          there are at least 5 in situ observations per month.  This 
          is an internal boundary condition.

      FLAG = 3:  Pole values; the SST mean is set to -1.8C; the SST 
          anomaly is set to 0.

      FLAG = 4:  The blended value is anchored by the freezing point of 
          sea water (-1.8C).  These data points are ice covered as 
          defined from information given by the University of Maryland 
          (1982-1987) and NESDIS and the Navy/NOAA Joint Ice Center 
          (1988-present).  The sea ice data are used as an external 
          boundary condition.

      FLAG = 5:  The blended value is determined by relaxation of the 
          in situ analysis with satellite forcing; the number of 
          satellite observations is at least 10 per month.

      FLAG = 6:  The blended value is determined by relaxation of the 
          in situ analysis with the satellite forcing set to zero; the 
          number of satellite observations is less than 10 per month.
     
Reference:

Reynolds, R.W., A real-time global SST analysis, J. Climate, 1, 75-86, 1988.


               GT01MNNMC_UPP: NMC tropical upper air winds and OLR
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.16.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:72      1:23      1:6       1:240
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:72      1:23      1:6       1:240
OLR      OLR                              1:72      1:23      1:1       1:240

Grid: Mercator, 5 degrees in longitude, variable from 3.5 to 5 degrees in
latitude, to 50 degrees N and S.  Pressure levels are 1000, 850, 700, 500,
300, and 200 mb; the outgoing longwave radiation is measured above the
atmosphere (0 mb).
Authors: R. Reynolds and P. Arkin (?)

     This description is excerpted from the documentation sent with the data
set from the Climate Analysis Center and references 1 and 2 below.

     The data set contains monthly means of the u and v components of the
winds and the outgoing longwave radiation (OLR) for each month (for which they
are available) from March 1968 through February 1988.  No 850 mb winds are
available prior to Dec 1974, no 1000 mb winds prior to Dec 1975, and no OLR
before June 1974.  No winds are available for October and November 1972, and
no OLR data from March - December 1978.
     The winds are derived from the NMC Final Analysis.  A brief description
of the different analyses used through February 1979, along with further
references, is found in Arkin.  One major change not described there is the
switch to a spectral model and the use of non-linear normal mode
initialization.  Some further details may be found in Kistler and Parrish.
     Significant changes in the analysis procedure have occured during the
period spanned by these data.  The general procedure used is to modify a
first-guess field by interpolating observations to the grid points.  Changes
have occured in both the interpolation technique and the method used to obtain
the first guess.  While some of the changes might have had noticeable effects
on daily analyses, the effects on the large-scale features of the mean monthly
fields appear to be small.  This is not the case for the zonally averaged
meridional wind component, i.e., [v]=0 during part of the period.
     The OLR data are derived from AVHRR window channel radiances.  A
description of the data processing may be found in Gruber and Winston.  The
measuring instrument is a scanning radiometer flown aboard NOAA operational
polar-orbiting satellites.  The radiometer senses energy in the visible
portion of the spectrum and in the infrared window region.  The estimate of
total outgoing longwave radiation flux from radiance measurements in the
window region is made by use of a regression model that was derived from
radiation calculations made for 99 different atmospheres covering a broad
range of temperature and moisture as well as overcast and clear sky
conditions.
 
References:

Arkin, P.A., The relationship between interannual variability in the 200 mb
       tropical wind field and the southern oscillation, Mon. Wea. Rev., 110,
       1393-1404, 1982.

Gruber, A., and J. Winston, Earth-atmosphere radiative heating based on NOAA
       scanning radiometer measurements, Bull. of the AMS, 59, 1570-1573,
       1978.

Kistler, R.E., and D.F. Parrish, Evolution of the NMC data assimilation
       system: September 1978 - January 1982, Mon. Wea. Rev., 110, 1335-1346,
       1982.



         GT01MNSAD: Sadler tropical Pacific winds and pseudo-windstress
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.17.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:72      1:25      1:1       1:137
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:72      1:25      1:1       1:137
PTX      ZONAL PSEUDO STRESS              1:72      1:25      1:1       1:137
PTY      MERIDIONAL PSEUDO STRESS         1:72      1:25      1:1       1:137

Grid: 2.5x2.5 from 120E to 60W and 30S to 30N, monthly average time series
from January 1979 through May 1990
Author: J. Sadler and M. Lander

  James Sadler of the University of Hawaii began this analysis, derived
from surface marine observations.  The grid is 2.5x2.5 degrees, extending from
120E to 60W and 30S to 30N.  Monthly averages of the zonal and meridional wind
components and pseudo stress from January 1979 through May 1990 are available.



     GTMNANCOADS_X: Individual variables of 1946-89 COADS monthly anomalies
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91

     The GT01MNCOADS_X (q.v.) data sets report one variable apiece; each
reports the monthly average of a surface marine variable, or number of
observations of a variable, over the period 1946 through 1989, on a global
grid.  The data sets described here report the difference of these time series
data from the monthly climatology (GTMNCLCOADS) made over the same period;
these are monthly anomalies.
     The data are on the same global grid and each data set is the same size
as its time series counterpart, 34 Mb.  The individual data sets are
identified below:

     data set name         variable      title                            
     GTMNANCOADS_SST       SSTA          ANOMALY OF SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE
     GTMNANCOADS_AIRT      AIRA          ANOMALY OF AIR TEMPERATURE        
     GTMNANCOADS_SPEH      SPEA          ANOMALY OF SPECIFIC HUMIDITY 
     GTMNANCOADS_WSPD      WSPA          ANOMALY OF WIND SPEED        
     GTMNANCOADS_UWND      UWNA          ANOMALY OF ZONAL WIND        
     GTMNANCOADS_VWND      VWNA          ANOMALY OF MERIDIONAL WIND   
     GTMNANCOADS_SLP       SLPA          ANOMALY OF SEA LEVEL PRESSURE


    GTMNCL_SHIPDR: Monthly climatology of ship-drift-derived surface currents
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 1.18.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
U        ZONAL SURFACE CURRENT            1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12
V        MERIDIONAL SURFACE CURRENT       1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12
UPUP     ZONAL CURRENT VARIANCE           1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12
VPVP     MERIDIONAL CURRENT VARIANCE      1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12
UPVP     CURRENT COVARIANCE               1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12
EKE      EDDY KINETIC ENERGY              1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12
NOBS     NUMBER OF OBSERVATIONS           1:360     1:140     1:1       1:12

Grid: 1x1 degree, nearly global (60S to 80N), monthly climatology
Authors: P.L.Richardson and T.K.McKee

     The following data set description is excerpted from reference 1 below.

     The ship-drift velocity data were obtained from the U.S. Naval
Oceanographic Office.  They consist of approximately 438,000 individual
observations within the region 20S-20N, 10E-70W, and the coasts of Africa and
South America. [NB: GTMNCL_SHIPDR covers a larger geographical region than
reference 1's data set.] Most observations were made by United States ships;
about a third were obtained from the Netherlands.
     Each ship-drift measurement of surface current velocity consists of the
vector difference between the velocity of a ship determined from two position
fixes and the average estimated velocity of the ship through the water during
the same time interval, usually 12-24 hours.  The vector difference is
considered to be due to a surface current.  Each measurement is an average 1)
over the depth of the ship's hull and 2) along the ship's path between fixes,
usually a few hundred kilometers.  Thus only larger-scale features, greater
than a few hundred kilometers, can be resolved using this technique.
     Many possible random and sytematic errors can occur during ship-drift
measurements, and it is difficult with the available information to evaluate
the errors very accurately.  Windage on the ships could lead to a systematic
error in surface velocity.  A single velocity measurement is estimated to have
a random error of ~20 cm/s.  This is based on a combination of the estimated
errors of both position fixes and dead reckoning.  Values used as typical
random errors of position, direction and speed are +/- 2 km, 1 degree, and 
0.3 knots.

References:

Richardson, P.L., and T.K. McKee, Average seasonal variation of the Atlantic
       equatorial currents from historical ship drifts, J. Phys. Oceanogr.,
       14, 1226-1238, 1984.

Richardson, P.L., and D. Walsh, Mapping climatological seasonal variations of
       surface currents in the tropical Atlantic using ship drifts, J.
       Geophys. Res., 91, 10,537-10,550, 1986.

Richardson, P.L., and T.K. McKee, Surface velocity in the equatorial oceans
       (20N-20S) calculated from historical ship drifts, WHOI Tech. Report
       WHOI-89-9, Woods Hole Oceanogr. Inst., Woods Hole, Mass., 1989.


                GTMNCLCOADS: 1946-1989 COADS monthly climatology.
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.22.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
AIRT     AIR TEMPERATURE                  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
SPEH     SPECIFIC HUMIDITY                1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
WSPD     WIND SPEED                       1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12
SLP      SEA LEVEL PRESSURE               1:180     1:90      1:1       1:12

Grid: 2x2 degree, global, monthly average climatology from 1946 through 1989.
Author: TMAP

     This data set is a monthly climatology of COADS data as reported in the
GT01MNCOADS (q.v.) data set.  All data available for each month of the year
were averaged at each gridpoint.


          GTMNCLED2: Monthly climatology of surface marine observations
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 6.18.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
TAUX     ZONAL WIND STRESS                1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
TAUY     MERIDIONAL WIND STRESS           1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
MAG      MAGNITUDE OF THE WIND STRESS     1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
AIRT     SURFACE AIR TEMPERATURE          1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12
OBS      # OF OBS/DEGREE SQUARE           1:360     1:180     1:1       1:12

Grid: 1x1 degree, global, monthly climatology
Author: TMAP

     This set is a monthly climatology of surface marine observations on a
global 1x1 degree grid.  It is composed from much the same material as the
COADS data set, here thirty-three million reports from merchant and other
fleets from 1854-1979, over the world ocean.  Monthly means of zonal and
meridional wind components, and wind stress computed using a bulk method, plus
air and sea surface temperature, are reported.  The number of observations
making up the climatology at each grid cell is also reported.



                 GTMNCLESKU: The heat budget of the global ocean
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.15.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SPD      SURFACE WIND SPEED               1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
SAT      SEA-AIR TEMPERATURE DIFFERENC    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
AT       AIR TEMPERATURE                  1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
AH       SPECIFIC HUMIDITY                1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
SAH      SEA-AIR SPECIFIC HUMIDITY DIF    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
CLD      CLOUDINESS                       1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
SLP      SEA LEVEL PRESSURE               1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
FSR      AVAILABLE SOLAR RADIATION        1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
FUL      NET UPWARD LONGWAVE FLUX         1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
FDR      NET DOWNWARD RADIATIVE FLUX      1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
FLH      LATENT HEAT FLUX                 1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
FSH      SENSIBLE HEAT FLUX               1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
FDH      NET DOWNWARD HEAT FLUX           1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KSPD     DATA DENSITY OF SURFACE WIND     1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KSST     DATA DENSITY OF SST              1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KSAT     DATA DENSITY OF SEA-AIR TEMPE    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KAT      DATA DENSITY OF AIR TEMPERATU    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KAH      DATA DENSITY OF SPECIFIC HUMI    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KSAH     DATA DENSITY OF SEA-AIR SPECI    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KSLP     DATA DENSITY OF SEA LEVEL PRE    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KFUL     DATA DENSITY OF NET UPWARD LO    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KFLH     DATA DENSITY OF LATENT HEAT F    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KSH      DATA DENSITY OF SENSIBLE HEAT    1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12
KFDH     DATA DENSITY OF NET DOWNWARD     1:72      1:46      1:1       1:12

Grid: 5x4 degree, global, monthly climatology
Authors: S.K.Esbensen and Y.Kushnir

     This data set, the surface heat budget of the global ice-free ocean, is
based on surface marine observations, similar to COADS, and cloudiness data
due to Berliand and Strokina.  The description below is from the introduction
of Esbensen's and Kushnir's CRI report.
     The annual cycle of the earth's climate clearly shows the important role
of the oceans.  By storing heat in the summer season and releasing it in the
winter, and by transporting heat from areas of heat gain in the tropics to
areas of heat loss at higher latitudes, the oceans moderate the climatic state
of the atmosphere.  
     The energy sources for the ocean surface transport and storage are
primarily the diabatic sources and sinks of heat at the ocean surface.  These
are the incoming solar radiation, the net loss by longwave radiation and
sensible heat and latent heat fluxes.  Budyko was first to conduct a study of
the spatial and temporal structure of the oceanic heat balance on a global
scale.  Based on bulk formulas obtained for this particular study, Budyko and
his co-workers calculated the diabatic heating terms from available
observations of basic surface variables such as temperature, wind, humidity
and sea level pressure.  Since then many regional studies have been carried
out by investigators using similar methods.

Reference:

Esbensen, S.K., and Y.Kushnir, The heat budget of the global ocean: an atlas
       based on estimates from surface marine observations, report no. 29,
       Climatic Research Institute, and Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon State
       University, Corvallis, OR, 1981. 


    GTMNCLFSU: Monthly climatology of FSU tropical Pacific pseudo-windstress
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.22.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
PTX      ZONAL PSEUDO STRESS              1:84      1:30      1:1       1:12
PTY      MERIDIONAL PSEUDO STRESS         1:84      1:30      1:1       1:12
 
Grid: 2x2 degree from 124E to 70W, 30S to 30N, monthly climatology (1961-
1989).
Author: TMAP

     This data set is a monthly climatology generated from GT01MNFSU (q.v.),
the FSU pseudo stress time series.
     Developed by the Mesoscale Air-Sea Interaction Group at FSU, those data
are monthly average Pacific ocean pseudo-stress zonal and meridional
components, from ship reports, on a 2x2 degree grid from January 1961 through
December 1989.  


                GTMNCLNMC: NMC COADS/Ice monthly SST climatology 
			  NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 12.16.92

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:180     1:91      1:1       1:12
FLAG     CODED DATA VALIDITY FLAG         1:180     1:91      1:1       1:12

Grid: 2x2, global, monthly climatology from 1950-1979.
Author: R. Reynolds and L. Roberts of the National Meteorology Center

     Reynolds and Roberts of the National Meteorological Center constructed
this climatology from COADS reports from 1950-1979, ice limit data, and an
AVHRR satellite climatology from 1982-1985.  It is a global monthly
climatology on a 2x2 degree grid, and reports sea surface temperature along
with a data validity flag.  The following is from reference 2 below.

     In the April 1986 Climate Diagnostics Bulletin, differences between SST
of Reynolds and other SST climatologies were shown.  These differences were 
primarily due to the use of in-situ data from different periods of time.  This
Reynolds climatological analysis includes data from the 1850s through the 
1970s; the comparison excluded data collected prior to 1950.  [W]e have
developed a new climatological analysis that minimizes these effects by 
excluding data prior to 1950.

     COADS was used to compute means of monthly base periods by averaging all
SST data during 1950-1979.  The analysis ... includes interpolation of missing
data followed by spatial smoothing with a non-linear median filter.  The use of
the filter degrades the original two-degree resolution [ie, in latitude and 
longitude] to roughly six degrees.

     [S]atellite data and SSTs inferred from monthly climatological ice limit 
were needed to extend the COADS coverage.  In the non-ice regions, the SST
values from the above COADS analysis were used at grid points where there were 
at least 10 observations.  The remaining interior grid points were defined by
solving Poisson's equation where the forcing term was determined by the 
Laplacian value of a satellite climatology.  In regions without adequate
satellite data, the forcing term was set to zero.

     After all 12 monthly fields were computed, a final spatial binomial 
smoothing was done to complete the new climatological analysis.

References:

Reynolds, R.W., and W.H. Gemmill, An objective global monthly mean SST 
	analysis, Trop. Ocean-Atmos. Newslett., January 1984, 4-5.

Reynolds, R.W., and L. Roberts, A global SST climatology from in-situ, 
	satellite and ice data, Trop. Ocean-Atmos. Newslett., January 1987, 
	15-17.

Reynolds, R.W., A real-time global SST analysis, J. Climate, 1, 75-86, 1988.





         GTMNCLRC: Rasmusson and Carpenter tropical Pacific climatology
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.22.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12
SMA      SEA MINUS AIR TEMPERATURE        1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12
PTX      ZONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS         1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12
PTY      MERIDIONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS    1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12
SMAW     SMA * WIND SPEED                 1:95      1:30      1:1       1:12

Grid:  2x2 degree, extending from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N; monthly
climatology from 1946 through 1976.
Authors: E.M. Rasmusson and T.H. Carpenter of the Climate Analysis Center

     The Rasmusson and Carpenter tropical Pacific analysis consists of two
separate data sets, a long term monthly mean, and a composited El Nino (see
GTRCENCOM).  Both are derived from surface marine observations; both extend
from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N, on a 2x2 degree grid.
     This data set is the monthly mean climatology from the years 1946 through
1976.  The set reports sea surface and air temperature, zonal and meridional
wind speed and pseudo-stress, and the product of the sea/air temperature
difference and the wind speed.
                                                           




           GT03DYNAV: Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) winds
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:144     1:73      1:1       1:1096
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:144     1:73      1:1       1:1096

Grid: 2.5x2.5, global, 3-day average time series from 1982-1990
Author: FNOC

     These data are zonal and meridional surface wind components on a 2.5x2.5
degree global grid, generated by the FNOC's objective analysis from available
reports, every six hours.  Winds are available here from January 1982 through
December 1990.  To supplement the six-hourly data set, three day, ten day, and
monthly average data sets have been put together by TMAP.  This data set
reports 3-day averages.
 


           GT10DYNAV: Fleet Numerical Oceanography Center (FNOC) winds
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.19.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:144     1:73      1:1       1:329
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:144     1:73      1:1       1:329

Grid: 2.5x2.5, global, 10-day average time series from 1982-1990
Author: FNOC

     These data are zonal and meridional surface wind components on a 2.5x2.5
degree global grid, generated by the FNOC's objective analysis from available
reports, every six hours.  Winds are available here from January 1982 through
December 1990.  To supplement the six-hourly data set, three day, ten day, and
monthly average data sets have been put together by TMAP.  This data set
reports 10-day averages.
 


           GTRCENCOM: Rasmusson and Carpenter El Nino 3-year composite
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.23.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
SST      SEA SURFACE TEMPERATURE          1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36
SMA      SEA MINUS AIR TEMPERATURE        1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36
UWND     ZONAL WIND                       1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36
VWND     MERIDIONAL WIND                  1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36
PTX      ZONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS         1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36
PTY      MERIDIONAL PSEUDO WIND STRESS    1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36
SMAW     SMA * WIND SPEED                 1:95      1:30      1:1       1:36

Grid:  2x2 degree, extending from 100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N; monthly points
in a three year composite of an El Nino cycle
Authors: E.M. Rasmusson and T.H. Carpenter of the Climate Analysis Center

     The Rasmusson and Carpenter tropical Pacific analysis consists of two
separate data sets, a long term monthly mean (see GTMNCLRC), and a composited
El Nino.  Both are derived from surface marine observations; both extend from
100E to 70W, and 30S to 30N, on a 2x2 degree grid.
     This data set is a composite of six recent El Nino events -- those of
1951, 1953, 1957, 1965, 1969, and 1972.  The set is three years long,
spanning the years before, during, and after the peak of an event; values
given are three month running averages, sequentially centered on each month of
the three year period.  The set reports sea surface and air temperature,
zonal and meridional wind speed and pseudo-stress, and the product of the
sea/air temperature difference and the wind speed.

                                                           




   GTSNCL_LEVIT: Levitus Pacific seasonal climatology of temperature and salt
                             NOAA/PMEL/TMAP 7.23.91

name     title                             I         J         K         L
TEMP     TEMPERATURE                      1:91      1:60      1:24      1:4
SALT     SALINITY(ppt)                    1:91      1:60      1:24      1:4

Grid: 2x1 degree from 110E to 70W, and 30S to 30N; 24 levels from the surface
to 1500 m, seasonal climatology.
Author: Sydney Levitus of the GFDL.

     This data set is a subset of the climatology prepared by Sydney Levitus
and published in 1982, of temperature, salinity and oxygen in the world ocean.
We hope to have the complete seasonal data set available in the near future.
The following is from the reference below.

     This atlas represents a synthesis of all temperature, salinity and oxygen
available from the National Oceanographic Data Center (NODC).  These
parameters have been analyzed in a consistent, objective manner at standard
oceanographic analysis levels on a one-degree latitude-longitude grid between
the surface and ocean bottom with a maximum depth of 5500 m.  
     The analyses and statistical information presented are intended primarily
for use in the study of the role of the oceans in controlling the earth's
climate, but they can be used for other scientific investigations also.  The
objective analyses shown in this atlas have certain limitations owing to the
nature of the data base (non-synoptic, scattered in space) and to the
characteristics of the objective analysis techniques and the particular grid
which we used.  These limitations and characteristics are discussed in the
text.  The analyses presented are viewed as another tool for studying the
world ocean.  Preliminary results have been used in a variety of ways.



Levitus, S., Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean, NOAA/ERL GFDL
       Professional Paper 13,  Princeton, N.J., 173 pp. (NTIS PB83-184093),
       1982.

               GTANCL_OLBERS: Southern ocean annual climatology
                         TMAP DATA DOCUMENT 6.23.93
 
 name     title                             I         J         K         L
 TEMP     TEMPERATURE                      1:360     1:51      1:38      1:1
 SALT     SALINITY                         1:360     1:51      1:38      1:1
 O2       DISSOLVED OXYGEN                 1:360     1:51      1:38      1:1
 RETS     RELATIVE ERROR FOR T AND S       1:360     1:51      1:38      1:1
 REO2     RELATIVE ERROR FOR OXYGEN        1:360     1:51      1:38      1:1
   
Grid:1x1 degree, global, 38 levels from the surface to 5000 m, annual
climatology.
Author: Dirk Olbers of the Alfred Wegner Institute

     This data set is interpolated, based on the validated hydrographic station
data of the Southern Ocean Database at Alfred Wegener Institute, Bremerhaven. 
For interpolation the method of "optimum interpolation" has been used, which is
founded on the least squares method.  The data set contains the parameters
temperature (in situ), salinity and dissolved oxygen on 38 standard levels
resolved on a 1 by 1 degree longitude latitude grid.  

     The following is from the reference below.

     This atlas is based upon a combined data set obtained from several
scientific organizations.  Measurements from about 38,000 hydrographic stations
taken in the Southern Ocean since the beginning of the oceanographic
observations are available.  The largest data sets were provided by the Arctic
and Antarctic Research Institute of Saint Petersburg, Russia, and by the
Lamont-Doherty Geological Observatory, Palisades, USA.  Subsequent
contributions...

     In preparing the data set only those stations were used for which both
temperature and salinity values were known.  No bathythermograph data (XBT or
MBT) were used.  This ensured also a certain degree of the data uniformness. 
The data set is formed using two data types: Nansen cast (bottle) and CTD. 
Bottle data contribute to at least 90% of the whole data set.

     In spite of combining all available historical observations the data set
is still deficient in many ways.  Relatively good station coverage exists only
for a few areas of the ocean.  There is a rapid decrease in the number of
observations with increasing depth.  Observations made during austral summer
clearly prevail.

     The updated picture of the hydrographic structure of the Southern Ocean
presented in this atlas may serve the oceanographic community in many ways and
help unravel the role of this ocean in the global climate system.


Reference:

Olbers,D., Gouretski,V., Seiss, G., Schroeter, J., Hydrographic Atlas of the
     Southern Ocean, Alfred-Wegener-Institut fuer Polar- und Meeresforschung,
     Bremerhaven, 1992.

